Using his fame and popularity, Sabbah founded the Order of the Assassins.
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However, it is possible to trace the beginnings of the cult back to its first Grandmaster, Hassan-i Sabbah (1050s–1124).Ī passionate devotee of Isma'ili beliefs, Hassan-i Sabbah was well-liked throughout Cairo, Syria and most of the Middle East by other Isma'ili, which led to a number of people becoming his followers. Most sources dealing with the order's inner working were destroyed with the capture of Alamut, the Assassins' headquarters, by the Mongols in 1256.
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There has been much difficulty finding out much information about the origins of the Assassins because most early sources are written by enemies of the order, are based on legends, or both. The origins of the Assassins can be traced back to just before the First Crusade, around 1080. Mentions of Assassins were preserved within European sources such as the writings of Marco Polo, where they are depicted as trained killers, responsible for the systematic elimination of opposing figures. "social outcasts", "low-class rabble", etc.), while the literal interpretation of this term in referring to the Nizaris ( as hashish consuming intoxicated assassins) is rooted in the fantasies of medieval Westerners. The term hashishiyya or hashishi as used by Muslim sources is used metaphorically in its abusive sense (i.e. In 1122 the Mustalian dynasty Fatimid caliph al-Amir referred to the Nizaris as the hashishiyya "without any explanation" and "without actually accusing them of using hashish, a product of hemp". In actuality, the word is a misnomer for the Nizari Ismailis applied abusively to them by the Mustali Ismailis during the fall of the decaying Ismaili Fatimid Empire when the two streams separated from each other. The name "Assassin" is often said to derive from the Arabic Hashishin or "users of hashish", thought to have been originally derogatory and used by their adversaries during the Middle Ages.
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In time, the order began to pose a strong military threat to Sunni Seljuq authority within the Persian territories by capturing and inhabiting many mountain fortresses under the leadership of Hassan-i Sabbah. The Assassins (from Arabic: حشّاشين Ḥashshāshīn ) were a secret order of Nizari Ismailis, particularly those of Persia and Syria, that formed in the late 11th century.